A building project will be completed in stages, and I’ll go into great detail on the various stages of building construction in this post. The information, both technical and non-technical, required to commence any project or structure that you can comprehend.

Before embarking on the project, we must first comprehend the motivation or main goal of any building or choose the kind of structure, whether it be commercial, residential, industrial, etc. 

The planning, designing, site preparation, construction of the foundation plinth, construction of the columns, beams, and slabs, as well as the plastering and finishing work, will be covered in detail. Which we shall elaborate on.

Prior to discussing the aforementioned points, let’s first divide the construction into three sections.

1. Pre – Construction Steps
2. Throughout the construction, into three sections
3. Post Construction

Pre-Construction Steps, Building construction Process

Let’s try to understand in detail!

1. Acquiring Land/Plot: Identify and purchase the land or plot for construction. 

Selecting suitable land is an important and very first step in any construction project, be it for commercial/residential or industrial use. While choosing a plot, several factors need to be considered such as accessibility, transportation, nearby amenities including schools/parks, as well as pollution levels in the area. It is necessary to avoid economically disadvantaged areas and areas with high pollution which may pose a health risk to the occupants in the future. By carefully evaluating all the available options, one can make an informed decision and select a plot of land that is suitable and meets the requirements of the project

2. Building Design and Planning: Work with architects and engineers to create detailed building designs and plans.

2. Building Design and Planning: Work with architects and engineers to create detailed building designs and plans.

Design and planning are essential parts in any construction project because they help create a future home which is comfortable and environmentally friendly. In today’s era, where air and noise pollution are major concerns, it is essential to consider environmental protection at the planning and design stages. Failure to do so might result in detrimental effects, such as the infection spreading or various health issues Such as *(respiratory problems, including asthma and chronic bronchitis. Long-term exposure to polluted air can lead to decreased lung function, increased respiratory infections, and aggravation of pre-existing health conditions)

Fortunately! We can address these challenges by using the latest technologies and materials to create eco-friendly structures| Like (Green buildings or net zero energy buildings) Building drawings may be adapted to meet specific requirements, and architects may work closely with structural engineers to ensure that the building meets all technical requirements||

Also, it is very Important, When negotiating with consultants during the design process/ it is important to be clear about the intended use of the building, whether commercial or non-commercial. The development of a design that is practical and satisfies all project objectives will involve the use of this knowledge.

3. Estimation and Budgets: Develop a comprehensive budget that includes all costs, from materials to labor.

The first phase of any project involves careful estimation, determining the financial resources needed to kick off and complete the work efficiently. Accurate estimates are crucial not only for securing tenders but also for keeping the project budget on track.

Key elements of this process include:

• Direct Costs: Materials, Equipment, and Labor.
• Indirect Costs: Permits, insurance, and administrative expenses.
• Contingency Funds: Allocating extra funds for unexpected expenses.

A well-thought-out budget:

• Provides financial control.
• Helps allocate resources effectively.
• Aids in making informed decisions throughout the project.

4. Building Permits: Obtain all necessary permits and approvals from local authorities.

4. Building Permits in India:asecuring approvals from various local authorities.

Here’s a breakdown of the process:

1. Land Documents: You’ll need ownership proof and land survey documents.
2. Building Plans: An architect or engineer will prepare detailed plans adhering to local building codes.
3. Application & Fees: Submit the building plans and application forms along with the required fees to the local authority (municipality, urban development authority, etc.)
4. Approvals: The authority will review your plans and may require revisions or consultations with other departments (fire safety, environment).
5. Permit Issuance: Upon approval, you’ll receive the building permit, allowing construction to begin.

Examples of Permits in India:

• Building Permit: The primary permit for construction, outlining approved plans and safety regulations.
• Zonal Clearance: Approval from relevant authorities based on zoning regulations for your area (residential, commercial, etc.)
• Environmental Clearance: For projects exceeding a specific size or impacting the environment.
• Fire NOC (No Objection Certificate): Issued by the fire department after a safety inspection of your plans.

Note: The specific permits and procedures might differ slightly depending on your location in India. It’s recommended to consult your local authority’s website or a licensed architect/engineer for the latest information and guidance.

5. Search for a Contractor: Find and hire a reputable contractor to carry out the construction.

Once permits are secured, the next step is to find and hire a reputable contractor. A good contractor will oversee the construction process and ensure quality work.

Key steps include

• Research: Look for experienced contractors with positive reviews.
• Interview: Meet with potential contractors to discuss your project.
• Verify: Check their licenses, insurance, and previous work.

Here are some Additional Steps for construction 

6. Financing: Secure the necessary funding or loans to cover the construction costs.

The lifeblood of any construction project! Securing funding involves exploring various options, like:

• Construction Loans: Offered by banks and NBFCs (Non-Banking Financial Companies) to cover project costs with repayment plans.
• Investor Funding: Partnering with private investors who provide capital in exchange for a share of the project’s profits.
• Self-Funding: Utilizing personal savings or existing capital to finance the project.

8. Scheduling: Develop a detailed construction schedule to ensure the project stays on track

The roadmap to success! A detailed construction schedule outlines every task, its duration, and the resources required. This helps in:

• Maintaining Project Flow: Sequencing tasks efficiently to avoid delays and bottlenecks.
• Resource Allocation: Assigning manpower and equipment effectively throughout the project.
• Budget Management: Tracking progress against the schedule to ensure costs stay on track.

Throughout The Building Construction¡

1. SITE PREPARATION OR SITE CLEANING 
2. SURVEY AND LAYOUT WORK
3. BUILDING LAYOUT
4. EXCAVATION AND PCC
5. ANTI-TERMITE TREATMENT 
6. SAND FILLING 
7. PCC
8. FOUNDATION 
9. PLINTH BEAM OR SLAB 
10. BACKFILLING 
11. Beam and Column work
12. Brick masonry
13. The lintel over the door window gaps
14. Floor slab or roof structure
15. electrical and plumbing
16. exterior finishing
17. terrace and roof finishing
18. internal finishes
19. woodwork and fixture fittings
20. water proofing’s
21. painting work

1. Site Preparation: Clear and prepare the site for construction, including any necessary excavation and leveling.

Every project starts with a clean slate! Site clearance removes vegetation and topsoil, preparing the area for construction. This can be done by hand or by machine.

1. The mode of measurement is Sqm, up to two decimals.
2. Always take 1 meter extra in all directions for site cleaning

After the cleaning of the site, the subsequent steps involve levelling and grading. Leveling is the process of determining the difference in height between two points, which is crucial for establishing accurate elevation across the site. Various tools are utilized for levelling:

• Auto Level: Automatically adjusts to provide a horizontal line of sight.
• Dumpy Level: A simple, traditional instrument for measuring height differences.
• Sprit Level: Ensures a surface is level using a bubble within a tube of liquid.
• Theodolite: Measures both horizontal and vertical angles for precise positioning.
• Total Station: Integrates electronic distance measurement with a theodolite for comprehensive surveying.

2. Surveying and Layout Work

These tools enable surveyors to ensure proper leveling and grading, essential for stable foundations and efficient drainage in construction projects.

E.g, Before building a new office complex, surveyors conduct assessments, establish control points, survey the topography, define boundaries, and lay out the building’s foundation and utilities. This meticulous process guarantees that construction proceeds accurately and meets design specifications.

3. Building Layout

A building’s or structure’s layout displays the plan of its foundation on the ground surface based on its drawings. So that excavation can be continued when necessary, and the position and orientation of the building can be precisely described,.

Exploring the Foundational Divisions of Construction: Substructure and Superstructure

Substructure: The substructure is the base that supports and anchors the entire building. It includes:

4. Excavation And PCC

Excavation is the drilling of holes in the earth to make things fit for the building’s base structure or digging the ground to lay down the foundation and digging the ground till hard strata do not get or based on the type of foundation as per the building’s drawing.

PCC (Plain Cement Concrete):

• Concrete layer directly on excavated soil.
• Composed of cement, sand, aggregates, and water.
• Provides a stable base for further construction.
• PCC, often known as plain concrete cement, is a cement, sand, or coarse aggregate combination.
• We utilised plain concrete cement at the footing’s base to increase bonding between the earth layer and the RCC. If RCC is used directly over the earth layer, the bonding between the two may be insufficient.
• PCC rests on a solid foundation!

• PCC thinness generally takes 4” to 6”
• The volume calculated in CUM

5. Anti Termite Treatment

Anti-termite treatment often entails digging 6″ to 8″ wide on the inside of the foundation. To chemically teat the soil or to fight insects that cling directly to the soil,

DDT, PHP, PCP, and other patented chemical insecticides are available. However, the following compounds in oil solution or, preferentially, water emulsion have proven to be effective. Aldrin, Chlordane, Dieldrin, and Heptachlor are the names of these chemicals.

6. Sand Filling

1. The sand filling is also a vital and early phase before the PCC. It helps to avoid direct contact between the soil or rock surface and the concert; we could also use crushed sand instead of river sand at times.
2. The sand filling can limit the structural settlement caused by the rapid impact beneath the footing. If the footing or PCC is laid directly on the bedrock or soil surface, the structure may be subject to partial settlement; even tiny changes in the bedrock or soil surface will have an immediate impact on the structure’s stability.
3. Even after anti-termite treatment, there is still a possibility of termite attack, so the sand layer helps us to provide an extra layer of safety in case sand filling is not done during construction and if there is vibration in an earthquake or due to weather or any climatic condition, it will directly affect the foundation and the structure will collapse very easily.
   However, in the presence of a sand layer, it will have little effect and will reduce resistance.

• We can calculate the amount of sand filling in the volume using the CUM measurement method.
• The sand filling is required according to the Indian norm of 4″ to d 8″ or 100mm to 200mm.

7. Foundation Work

The building foundation is one of the most important parts of any building construction or other construction such as dam construction/road construction/bridge construction, and so on. It is classified depending on environmental conditions or applied loads, soil condition, and so on. Click here To know more about Floundation Types 

8. Footings and Pile Foundations: Ensure stability and load-bearing capacity, especially on varied soil types.

Shallow Foundations

• These are typically used when the soil near the surface has sufficient bearing capacity to support the structure.
• Examples include spread footings and mat foundations. strip or spread footing.
• Suitable for buildings with light to moderate loads and where the soil is stable at shallow depths.

Deep Foundations

• Used when the soil near the surface is not strong enough to support the structure or when the structure requires deeper support.
• Consist of long, slender columns (piles) driven deep into the soil.
• Transfer the load of the building to deeper, more stable layers of soil or rock.

9. Plinth Beam Or Slab

The plinth beam is a reinforced beam that serves to prevent moisture and fractures from the foundation from rising into the walls (or stops capillary rising) as the foundation settles. The plinth beam’s primary role is to uniformly transfer the load column to the foundation. Click Here to learn more 

• The standard size of a plinth beam in India is 9″ or 225mm *225mm.
• Sqm is the unit of measurement.

10. Backfilling

Backfilling is the process of utilising the soil that was removed during construction to strengthen and maintain the foundation of a structure as well as any other parts.

We divided it into two sorts of backfilling.

• Coarse grain, fine grain,
• low to medium plasticity, and so on.

Superstructure: Above ground, the superstructure forms the visible and functional part of the building:

• Structural Elements: Such as walls, columns, and beams that carry and distribute loads.
• Floor Systems: Provide levels for occupancy and activities, designed for specific use and load requirements.
• Roofing Systems: Protect the building and its occupants from weather elements while enhancing energy efficiency.

1. Beam And Column Work

Beam

A beam is a structural member that can withstand loads applied laterally to its axis (an element designed to carry substantially axial load would be a strut or column). Its primary method of deflection is bending. Loads applied to the beam cause reaction forces at its support points.

You Must Know About It

1. What are beams? Types based on its geometry click here 
2. Beam Type Based on the Support Click here
3. Beam Types Based on Equilibrium Click here
4. Plinth Beam, Its importance, purposes, Applications, and Checklist: A Detailed concept Click here

Column

Columns are rigid vertical structural members designed primarily to withstand axial compressive loads coming from beams or slabs and transfer the same load to the ground with the help of footings. In the same way that a human body bone provides strength while also transferring overbody weight to the bottom, like over legs, different loads generated in a structure will be transferred by columns to footing and then to soil hard strata.

Although this is true, it’s not like every vertical part of the building can be a column. A column is a member whose length is more than three times its shortest cross-sectional dimension. If the condition is not met, the vertical part is referred to simply as a strut.

2. Brick Masonry

Brick masonry is a construction method where individual units such as bricks, stones, concrete blocks, hollow blocks, cellular concrete, or laterite are bonded together using mortar to form walls or other structures. 

Brickmasonry can be classified into the following categories:-

• Stone Masonry
• Brick masonry
• Hollow block concrete masonry
• Reinforced masonry

3. The Lintel Over The Door Window Gaps

The lintel is a beam that is used to open or enter the building/structure such as doors and windows. Supporting the weight from the structure or above. Windows and doors are not designed to be structural parts of a house. There is a concentrated load above the entryway and window opening that must be sustained when the opening is formed in the dwelling. Lintels are typically seen on brick or other masonry buildings known as heders, which serve the similar purpose.

4. Floor Slabs Or Roof Structures

Floor slabs provide stable and load-bearing surfaces for occupant activities and are constructed using reinforced concrete or steel beams. Roof structures, on the other hand, offer protection from weather elements and are typically built with timber, steel, or precast concrete elements. Both elements undergo careful design and engineering, ensuring structural integrity and safety. They contribute significantly to a building’s overall strength and functionality! Reflecting the harmonious blend of architectural design and engineering precision in the construction industry.

5. Electric And Plumbing Work

Electric work and plumbing work are both important elements for any building construction. Electrical systems distribute power throughout a building, while plumbing systems provide access to clean water and proper sanitation. Both electric and plumbing work require very careful planning and installation to ensure they meet building codes and regulations, are safe for occupants, and integrate effectively with other building systems. Thus, designing and installing these systems requires specialized knowledge and expertise in the same field to overcome failure in the future.

6. Exterior Finishing

Exterior finishing is a very important aspect of building construction that involves a variety of steps. These include framing/sheathing/waterproofing, as well as the installation of finishing materials, such as siding, brick/stone or paint. Additional steps include the addition of trim and details, as well as final touches like landscaping and lighting. The choice of materials and design for exterior finishing depends on several factors, which include the building climate / cost / durability, and aesthetic preferences. The protection from the elements and the improvement of the overall appearance of the building are the ultimate goals of external finishing.

Let’s Make A Note On The Below Points Also

Terrace and Roof Finishing: Sealing and protecting the building’s top with materials like waterproof membranes or tiles. Example: applying a waterproof membrane on a flat terrace to prevent leaks.

Internal Finishes: Enhancing interior spaces with materials like plaster, tiles, or wood. Example: Installing ceramic tiles in bathrooms for a clean and waterproof finish.

Woodwork and Fixture Fittings: Installing functional elements such as doors, cabinets, and fixtures made from wood or metal. Example: Fitting custom-made wooden cabinets in a kitchen for storage and aesthetics.

Waterproofing: Applying sealants and membranes to prevent water damage in critical areas like basements or bathrooms. Example: sealing basement walls with waterproof coatings to prevent moisture ingress.

Painting Work: Enhancing surfaces with paint for both protection and aesthetic appeal. Example: painting exterior walls with weather-resistant paint to withstand harsh climates.

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